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The Red Triangle: A History of Anti-Masonry, by Robert Cooper
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For at least two hundred years, Freemasonry has been subjected to witch-hunts. Conspiracy theories abound in which Freemasons manipulate whole governments, incite revolution, control the world banking system, and will engage in any activity, even murder, to advance their aims. Even today, Freemasonry is still seen a legitimate group to attack on the grounds of politics, religion and conspiracy theories. The Red Triangle uncovers the reality of this persecution of Freemasons from its first manifestation soon after people became aware of their existence in the seventeenth century. Attacks and persecution took place in many countries as Freemasonry spread around the world—there was even an anti-Masonic political party in nineteenth-century America that stood against Masonic politicians. In complete contrast, Freemasonry and the American Civil War provides a fascinating inside view of the ethos of Freemasons in extreme, life-threatening, situations when Freemasons offered assistance to their fellow Freemasons on opposite sides during the war.
- Sales Rank: #770611 in Books
- Published on: 2011-04-18
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.25" h x 1.06" w x 6.25" l, 1.27 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 325 pages
Most helpful customer reviews
9 of 9 people found the following review helpful.
History of attacks on Masonry from the Nazis onwards
By Marshall Lord
Most people know that when Nazi Germany began the campaign of persecution against the Jews which was to culminate in the gas chambers of Auschwitz, they started by forcing them to wear an identifying badge. Rather fewer people know that Hitler's regime also required the other groups they were trying to make scapegoats for Germany's problems, such as gays and masons, to wear similar distinguishing badges.
The Red Triangle was the badge which the nazis ordered freemasons to wear. (Jews had to wear a yellow triangle, gays a pink one).
That's the sort of detail you will pick up in this book, written by the Curator of the Grand Lodge of Scotland.
The author was clearly provoked into writing this book by the campaign of vilification of Freemasonry by the British and particularly Scottish press which followed the Dunblane massacre. (For those who have not heard of this sickening tragedy, a lone gunman walked into a school and shot dead a teacher and most of a class of small children.) This book is to some extent a response to that those attacks.
The author is manifestly (and justifiably) furious about the fact that within a few days of the Dunblane tragedy it was (wrongly) suggested in a newspaper that the murderer had been a freemason, that within days of that suggestion half the British media were repeating this suggesion as if it had been a fact and putting forward a narrative that the murderer had been protected by fellow-masons in the local police, and that this was used as pretext for an orgy of verbal mason-bashing.
This narrative contained not one shred of truth: the offical inquiry confirmed that the murderer, Thomas Hamilton was not and had never been a freemason - in fact the masons were one of the (many) groups against whom he had an axe to grind.
(The killer did have a relative by the same name who had been a mason, and it is not quite impossible that some of those who put forward the allegation that the murderer had been protected because he was a mason had confused the two men).
Mr Cooper's sense of anger and injustice at the barrage of criticisms which were launched against Freemasonry as a result of this misapprehension comes through very strongly in the book. It might have been slightly more effective, particularly from the perspective of non-masons, if in one or two places the author had taken a step back, thought about how an unbiased but not necessarily well-informed outsider might see things, and taken a little more time to calmly explain precisely why some of the allegations made by the modern press are unfair. I write this as a mason myself, and one who agrees with most of what he writes. But I suspect a completely neutral and fair-minded observer would find it difficult to argue with Mr Cooper's contention that some critics of masonry had judged the organisation guilty before making any attempt to assess the evidence, or to give fair opportunity for a reply.
This book neither is not claims to be a comprehensive account of prejudice against masons, but it does include the best account I have read of the aspects of the Nazi holocaust which were directed against European masonry.
The fact that Hitler murdered six million Jews, and a similar number of gypsies, in his insane attempt to eradicate two entire races has naturally and rightly attracted a huge amount of attention.
There were other campaigns of mass murder which were part of the same process, and which entailed an amount of death and suffering which would normally cause them to be remembered in their own right among the worst crimes in history, but because the number of victims was one or two orders of magnitude smaller than the numbers of Jews and Gypsies who died in the "Final Solution," these further crimes have tended to be overlooked or subsumed in the overall tragedy.
One such campaign was the attempt by the Nazis to exterminate Freemasonry, an organisation which they condemned because it brings men of all races and different religions together, and this was offensive to Nazi racial and nationalist views. The nazis also associated Masonry with the mythical worldwide "Jewish conspiracy".
It is impossible to be certain how many masons were murdered by the Nazi regime and those of their fascist allies such as Franco and Mussolini, but it was certainly in the tens of thousands, and the estimate of 80,000 quoted in this book is probably as close to accurate as anyone can hope to get.
Each time the nazi regime conquered another country, one of the first things they did was move against all those citizens of that countries who they considered their enemies, including Jews, trade unionists, Communists, and freemasons. All too many of their victims in all those categories ended up dead. Plans for the occupation of Britain drawn up by Hitler's regime in 1940 and found by the allies after the war prove that if the nazis had won the Battle of Britain the same would have happened in the United Kingdom. Masons figured prominently on the lists of British people who the Nazis had marked down as hostile elements to be arrested in the event of a successful German invasion.
I learned from this book that the administrator of the Holocaust, Adolf Eichmann, began his career in the Nazi Security service (SD) by collecting intelligence on Freemasons, and later employed some of the experience he gained by monitoring masons when he moved to the department which monitored Jewish people and ultimately organised their mass murder.
In this context it is hardly surprising that from the time of the Second World War until memories of the Nazi persecution began to fade about 50 years later, masonry in many European countries including Britain went through a period of being rather more secretive than had hitherto, or has subsequently, been the case.
In Britain this secrecy was deliberately abandoned in the mid 1990's. Freemasonry today cannot be described by any reasonable and informed person as a "secret society" - which unfortunately does not stop that allegation from being made.
If anyone reading this has a problem with the statement that Freemasonry is not a secret society, ask yourself this.
How many secret societies have a headquarters which is openly described on any decent map of London or Edinburgh, which they rent out to bodies like the Royal Opera House for public events, and of which they offer the general public daily tours? Or for that matter a huge memorial building in the American capital which is one of the most prominent buildings on the skyline of Washington D.C. and which is also open to the public? (I refer to the George Washinton masonic memorial building, which includes a tower which gives arguably the best view of the capital city.)
How many secret societies have a website which anyone can access? What sort of secret society publishes yearbooks with lists of their officers, and a directory of lodges and chapters which anyone can buy online, listing all branches and where and when they meet? How many secret societies are listed in the phone directory?
All these things are true either of the United Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and mostly both. My impression is that very much the same applies to Masonry in the United States.
This book is written partly from a British perspective and partly from a Scottish one. It begins with the Dunblane murders, and the suggestion in the press that the killer, Thomas Hamilton, might have been a mason. It continues with a fairly detailed account of the torrent of press and political attacks on masonry which followed.
As mentioned, "The red triangle" does not claim to be a comprehensive survey: it concentrates mostly on the holocaust and on political and press opposition to masonry in Europe and Britain. If you want to read a book which complements this, you may be interested in "A Pilgrim's Path: Freemasonry and the Religious Right" by the late US historian John Robinson which concentrates on religious opposition to masonry, particularly but by no means exclusively in America.
Overall "The Red Triangle" is a reasonably well written study which should be of interest both to anyone who wants to learn about a little-known aspect of the Holocaust, or is making a study of how groups can become the target of a media "feeding frenzy." It isn't really an answer to anti-masonic books like "The Brotherhood" but it will give the reader an idea of how books like that appear to people on the receiving end.
6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
The Red Triangle is an important contribution toward setting the record straight.
By Mitchell Ozog
Robert L.D. Cooper, The Red Triangle: A History of Anti-Masonry (Lewis Masonic 2011, $ 29.95 USD)
The Red Triangle is an important contribution toward setting the record straight.
Rev. Jonathon Baker was recently appointed by the Archbishop of Canterbury as Bishop of Ebbsfleet. Baker had been a 20 year member of Apollo University Lodge at Oxford, where he joined while being a student. However, what might have been a cause for celebration, Dr. Williams' previous position having been hostile to promoting Masons within the Anglican clergy, took a decidedly different turn when members of the Church of England's General Synod objected, leading to Bro. Baker's resignation form the Fraternity. Such action is particularly deplorable has the European Union's Civil Rights court has found that: a) Freemasonry is NOT a religion; b) it is NOT a malicious "secret society"; c) discrimination against Masons as Masons is a violation of human rights.
Sadly, Freemasons have been all too well aware of anti-Masonry and its relentless campaign of misinformation and even violence against the Fraternity. Robert Cooper's new book, The Red Triangle (which takes its name from the patch Masonic prisoners in German concentration camps were forced to wear), documents this history in sometimes painful and infuriating detail. Roger Cooper is the Curator of the Grand Lodge of Scotland's library and museum. He begins the book recounting a recent instance of `masonophobia' which touched him, and the Grand Lodge of Scotland, directly. In 1996, a gunman opened fire at a school in Scotland, killing 16 children and a teacher and wounding a further 14 children and 3 teachers. As the event was being reported, unfounded speculation arose that the gunman was a Mason, leading to a frenzy of anti-Masonry in the media and calls for government investigation of the Masons. Cooper, who focuses primarily on Scottish material, ties these attacks to a tradition of unfounded and malicious attacks against the Fraternity stretching back to the late 17th century.
Cooper demonstrates that their has been a recurrent pattern in anti-Masonry's attacks, seeking to call it a `religion,' and thus subject it to clerical condemnation or as a `secret society' with nefarious, self-promoting motives and, in the case of the Protocols of Zion forgery and Nazi persecution, elements of anti-Semitism. Indeed, Cooper notes that the failure to acknowledge that Freemasons were the targets of Nazi persecution as Freemasons is indicative of the inherent bias and discrimination academia and the general public has had against the Fraternity. The connections between Nazism and anti-Semitism, of course, are well known and documented; but Freemasonry was Nazism first target:
That Nazis made a distinction between Jews as a racial enemy of the German people and Freemasons as ideological (political) enemies is extremely important... Gregor Schwartz-Bostunitsch (1883 - ?) was Eichmann's first superior. He was a White Russian and anti-Semite and a self-proclaimed expert on Freemasonry, Jews, and Bolshevism. He was in charge of the largest department within the SD [Sicherheitsdienst (`Security Service')] which included the museum, library and an archive (including the card index on which Eichmann was assisting in compiling). The card index of German Freemasons eventually totaled 200,000 entries.
Schwartz-Bostunitch perceived, the Masonic effect to be of paramount importance in the work of the SD. After working on the card index system, Eichmann was transferred to the museum where he catalogued Masonic artefacts. He also prepared a Masonophobic exhibition in order to educate members of the SS as to the seriousness of the threat posed by Freemasonry... Eichmann's office was within the museum which was named the `St. John's Room' the significance of which will not escape Freemasons.
As the Nazis solidified their power and spread beyond Germany's borders, Masonic lodges were forced to close, Masonic leaders were seized, and its property confiscated. Yet this sad chapter of the Nazi terror has been generally neglected or omitted from histories of the Holocaust.
Cooper devotes much of The Red Triangle to identifying and deconstructing masonophobic articles and attacks in the Scottish press. Indeed, he notes that one of his intended purposes in writing this book is to document such material so that it will not be lost or forgotten. Frankly, it makes painful and infuriating reading. In light of Bro. Baker's resignation, however, it is particularly timely. Grand lodges and Masons been increasingly open to public view; nevertheless, willful ignorance and bigotry remain a persistent problem and concern. It is sad that Bro. Baker chose to drop his membership in the Fraternity rather than use his new position as an opportunity to further public understanding of Freemasonry. Instead, detractors are already pointing to his resignation as `proof' that Freemasonry is "inconsistent" with Christianity and thus suspicious in character. It is unlikely any amount of information and openness will satisfy those who want to hate and fear Freemasonry. But for those who still have open minds, The Red Triangle is an important contribution toward setting the record straight.
Mitchell Ozog, Editor-In-Chief
Robert Blackburn, Book Review Editor
Bonisteel Masonic Library/Rising Point
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Clarifying, Informative, Illuminating Light
By Traveling Man
My curiousity about anti-Masonry was piqued after I read "Morgan, The Scandal That Shook Freemasonry" so I picked up "The Red Triangle". I was not disappointed! It is a highly informative book on Anti-Masonry- especially when coupled with "Morgan"- that sheds a lot of light on the Anti-Masonry movement that is still alive and well. This book focuses on Europe, but the reader quickly recognizes the fact the same issues and arguments also circulate today in the United States. Two prominent issues in particular jumped out at me- the constant argument over whether Masonry is a relgion and whether brethren abuse their membership in the fraternity through favors and cover ups.
This book provides good depth and discussion on the argument over whether Masonry is a religion and explains some of the reasons anti-masons are able to so easily level the accusation and convince the uninformed.
"Red Triangle" provides a lengthy study of the perceptions that Masons abuse their membership by giving preferential treatment- particularly in jobs and hiring- to brothers and the perception that Masons in the legal system will cover up wrong-doing by Masons or flat-out protect brothers from prosecution for wrong-doing; a definite carry over from the issue front and center in "Morgan".
What I like about the book is what it doesn't say. It does not say "Masonry is (or isn't) a religion and here's why" or that "Masons will always protect their brothers from the law or other civil punishment and here's proof". Rather, the book presents the arguments as they are normally leveled, and then discusses how anti-masons are able to bolster their arguments. The author gives good examples of Masonic "behaviors" that can lend themselves to- apparently- proving or supporting the ideas.
All-in-all a good book that sheds light on why Anti-Masonry is still alive and well and is a good read for the Mason conducting research. This book, coupled with "Morgan: The Scandal That Shook Freemasonry" gives the Mason an informative look at why certain perceptions persist so easily in today's world.
I recommend this book as a companion book to "Morgan: The Scandal That Shook Freemasonry" to all Master Masons.
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